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Medieval European Alchemy • Key Stages of Alchemical Transformation

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Nigredo: The blackening stage; symbolizes death, decay, and the breaking down of substances.

Albedo: The whitening stage; represents purification and enlightenment.

Rubedo: The reddening stage; signifies the completion of the transformation and achievement of perfection.

Citrinitas: The yellowing stage; represents awakening and the emergence of consciousness.

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Ouroboros: A serpent eating its own tail; symbolizes the eternal cycle of life, death, and rebirth.

Green Lion: A symbolic beast representing a powerful acid that dissolves gold.

Saturn: Alchemical symbol for lead, time, death, and melancholy.

Double-headed Eagle: A symbol representing duality, balance, and unity of spiritual and temporal power.

Antimony Wolf: A metaphor for the element antimony, which was said to devour impure metals to reveal gold.

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Ripley Scroll: A richly illustrated 15th-century alchemical manuscript attributed to George Ripley.

Mutus Liber: "Silent Book"; a wordless alchemical manuscript composed entirely of illustrations.

Tabula Smaragdina: "Emerald Tablet," a foundational Hermetic text attributed to Hermes Trismegistus.

Zosimos of Panopolis: A 3rd-century Greco-Egyptian alchemist who wrote on the spiritual side of alchemy.

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Philosopher's Stone: A legendary substance believed to transmute base metals into gold and grant immortality.

Mercury: One of the three prime substances in alchemy; symbolizes fluidity, transformation, and the spirit.

Aqua Regia: A mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acid capable of dissolving gold.

Homunculus: A miniature artificial human, believed by some alchemists to be creatable in a laboratory.

Esotericism: The use of hidden, symbolic, or coded language to convey secret or mystical knowledge.

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